2 N2(g) + 3 O2(g) 2 N2O3(g) At a certain temperature and pressure 45.6 L of N2 reacts with 8.4 L of O2.
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January 31, 2026A system with two nested stop-and-wait ARQ schemes is given. The inner scheme utilizes a hybrid…
A system with two nested stop-and-wait ARQ schemes is given. The inner scheme utilizes a hybrid ARQ protocol that allows up to two retransmissions. Consider the inner ARQ scheme first. The probability that the first transmission of a PDU is successful is p1 = 0.2, the probability that the first re-transmission of this PDU is successful given that the first transmission attempt failed is p2 = 0.6, and the probability that the second retransmission is successful given that the first transmission and the first retransmission of the PDU were both unsuccessful is p3 = 0.9. The outer scheme is a SW-ARQ where each of its packets comprises n = 10 PDUs of the inner ARQ. Hence, this outer ARQ operates on blocks of n inner PDUs and retransmits the entire block whenever it contains one or more erroneous PDUs, until this block is successfully sent. In detail, (1) the outer ARQ sends a block of PDUs to the inner ARQ, (2) upon receiving this block the inner ARQ start transmitting each of the PDUs therein, according to its protocol, (3) the inner ARQ notifies the outer ARQ whenever a PDU is sent successfully, (4) if the inner ARQ detects an error after the second retransmission of a PDU, it marks this PDU as failed and notifies the outer ARQ about this event. (5) When the outer ARQ receives a notification for each of the PDUs in its current block, it decides to (5a) retransmit the entire block in case at least one of the PDUs in it is failed or (5b) pass a new block of n PDUs to the inner ARQ.
Assume, that the channel is always filled with transmitted PDUs, that all errors are detected and that the feedback channel is error free.
a) Calculate the normalized throughput for the inner ARQ
b) Calculate the residual PDU error rate Pe(1) after passing through the inner ARQ.
c) Calculate the probability Pe(n) that the outer scheme requires the retransmission of a block of packets.
d) Calculate the average number of transmission attempts per outer block for the outer ARQ.
e) Calculate the normalized throughput of the combined ARQ scheme, .